Nivolumab is a monoclonal antibody that belongs to the class of immunotherapy drugs known as immune checkpoint inhibitors. It is used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and others. While nivolumab can be an effective treatment option, it can also cause several side effects. In this answer, we will discuss the side effects of nivolumab therapy in detail.
Fatigue: Fatigue is a common side effect of nivolumab therapy. Patients may experience tiredness, weakness, and lack of energy. This side effect can be managed by getting enough rest and staying hydrated.
Skin reactions: Skin reactions are another common side effect of nivolumab therapy. Patients may experience rash, itching, and dry skin. In some cases, more severe skin reactions such as blistering and peeling may occur. Patients should inform their healthcare provider if they experience any skin reactions.
Gastrointestinal (GI) side effects: Nivolumab therapy can cause GI side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. These side effects can be managed by adjusting the patient’s diet and hydration.
Liver toxicity: Nivolumab therapy can cause liver toxicity, which can lead to elevated liver enzymes and liver damage. Patients should have regular liver function tests while receiving nivolumab therapy.
Endocrine side effects: Nivolumab therapy can cause endocrine side effects such as thyroid dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency, and diabetes. Patients should be monitored for these side effects, and treatment may be necessary if they occur.
Respiratory side effects: Nivolumab therapy can cause respiratory side effects such as cough, shortness of breath, and pulmonary inflammation. Patients should inform their healthcare provider if they experience any respiratory symptoms.
Neurological side effects: Nivolumab therapy can cause neurological side effects such as headache, dizziness, and confusion. In rare cases, more severe neurological side effects such as encephalopathy and neuropathy may occur.
Cardiovascular side effects: Nivolumab therapy can cause cardiovascular side effects such as arrhythmia, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Patients should be monitored for these side effects, and treatment may be necessary if they occur.
Renal toxicity: Nivolumab therapy can cause renal toxicity, which can lead to elevated creatinine levels and kidney damage. Patients should have regular kidney function tests while receiving nivolumab therapy.
Infusion reactions: Nivolumab therapy can cause infusion reactions such as fever, chills, and allergic reactions. Patients should be monitored closely during the infusion and for a period of time after the infusion.
In summary, nivolumab therapy can cause several side effects, including fatigue, skin reactions, GI side effects, liver toxicity, endocrine side effects, respiratory side effects, neurological side effects, cardiovascular side effects, renal toxicity, and infusion reactions. Patients should inform their healthcare provider if they experience any of these side effects, and appropriate management and treatment should be provided.
